Genesis 1-11 :: essays research papers

Beginning 1-11 My brain started to load up with questions and considerations as I read the initial eleven parts of the Bible (see rundown of inquiries after my paper please). It never stops to flabbergast me that I can over and over read sections of the Bible and learn or notice something new each examination meeting. Various one of a kind things happened to me this time through. The way that the Tigris and Euphrates have really been on earth since Adam was set in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:14) flabbergasted me. To imagine that I, with the suitable accounts, could take a quick trip and see some portion of the Garden of Eden is amazing. The rundown of the descendents of Adam (Genesis 5) permitted me to get a handle on that Noah was just nine ages expelled from Adam. I found in one of my reference books that Noah’s father, Lamech, was just fifty-six years of age at the hour of Adam’s passing. Nonetheless, simultaneously, this data was a touch of baffling. Did the entire earth truly load up with debasement and brutality in only nine ages? This filled in as an unequivocal token of the sort of world we are naturally introduced to. All things being equal, God sends trust into these Bible entries with Noah’s nearness. Noah himself gave me trust. I came to acknowledge as I read that Noah was the primary case of a truly honorable man in the Bible. With inflexible trust in God’s word, Noah started to construct the Arc. Noah could almost even be viewed as an ahead of time case of what Jesus would resemble. For roughly 120 years, Noah lectured God’s judgment, kindness, and the coming flood. In any case, individuals blew some people's minds at Noah and proceeded in their malicious manners. Another fascinating occasion was the first run through downpour tumbled from the sky (Genesis 7:12). Prior to the incredible flood, water came up starting from the earliest stage (2:6). After the flood, Noah’s family was the just one on earth. With this information, we can accept that everybody is a descendent of Shem, Ham, or Japheth, Noah’s three children. In this way Noah’s family re-populated the earth. Various dialects and societies came when God spread the individuals everywhere throughout the earth and confounded humankind by isolating their dialects and topography (Genesis 11:7-9). Beginning 1-11 :: articles research papers Beginning 1-11 My psyche started to load up with questions and contemplations as I read the initial eleven sections of the Bible (see rundown of inquiries after my paper please). It never stops to astonish me that I can over and again read sections of the Bible and learn or notice something new each examination meeting. Various exceptional things happened to me this time through. The way that the Tigris and Euphrates have really been on earth since Adam was set in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 2:14) stunned me. To feel that I, with the fitting funds, could take a quick trip and see some portion of the Garden of Eden is dumbfounding. The rundown of the descendents of Adam (Genesis 5) permitted me to get a handle on that Noah was just nine ages expelled from Adam. I found in one of my reference books that Noah’s father, Lamech, was just fifty-six years of age at the hour of Adam’s passing. In any case, simultaneously, this data was a bit of disillusioning. Did the entire earth truly load up with defilement and brutality in only nine ages? This filled in as an unmistakable token of the sort of world we are naturally introduced to. All things being equal, God sends trust into these Bible entries with Noah’s nearness. Noah himself gave me trust. I came to acknowledge as I read that Noah was the principal case of a really equitable man in the Bible. With inflexible trust in God’s word, Noah started to assemble the Arc. Noah could almost even be viewed as an ahead of time case of what Jesus would resemble. For roughly 120 years, Noah lectured God’s judgment, benevolence, and the coming flood. Be that as it may, individuals blew some people's minds at Noah and proceeded in their underhanded manners. Another fascinating occasion was the first run through downpour tumbled from the sky (Genesis 7:12). Prior to the incredible flood, water came up starting from the earliest stage (2:6). After the flood, Noah’s family was the just one on earth. With this information, we can accept that everybody is a descendent of Shem, Ham, or Japheth, Noah’s three children. Along these lines Noah’s family re-populated the earth. Various dialects and societies came when God spread the individuals everywhere throughout the earth and befuddled humanity by isolating their dialects and topography (Genesis 11:7-9).

What Makes a Real Hero Ideas by Bolt, Douglas, and Albom

The topic of chivalry is one of the most continuous issues, examined in various scholarly works. Each creator attempts to introduce his/her own vision of legend, enrich this saint with the best characteristics, and make him/her valuable to others. A Man for All Seasons by Robert Bolt, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave, and Tuesdays with Morrie by Mitch Albom are the three works from various occasions, which assist me with making my own comprehension of the word â€Å"hero† and understand that this legend can be found within any individual and might be huge to numerous others around.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on What Makes a Real Hero: Ideas by Bolt, Douglas, and Albom explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nowadays, individuals hear such word as â€Å"hero† all the time. â€Å"You are my hero!† †a young lady says to her sweetheart, who’s simply spared her from an enormous canine. â €Å"He is a genuine hero† †a spouse considers his significant other, who’s just fixed the rooftop. â€Å"This kid will be a genuine hero† †a grandma shows her reverence of the kid, who’s just helped her go across the street. To my brain, individuals simply don't give a lot of consideration to a genuine significance of this word, indulgence and use it as per their feelings and emotions. This is the reason, so as to recall and comprehend a genuine significance of bravery, it is smarter to deliver to writing and discover how proficient scholars portray genuine saints. From one perspective, it is difficult to accept that works by Robert Bolt, Frederick Douglas, and Mitch Albom share something for all intents and purpose. One of them lived in the nineteenth century, another is from the 1900s, and the last one is as yet alive and work in Detroit. Be that as it may, then again, every one of these accounts depend on genuine occasions, the creators prese nt genuine legends, who make extremely significant and fearless strides in their lives, and these accounts are not about some amazing human characteristics or world fiascos †every one of these accounts presents standard individuals inside conventional conditions, and discloses how their mentalities to life and the longing to be better made them genuine saints for some individuals around. The primary saint from Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas , an American Slave got a great opportunity to fathom â€Å"the pathway from bondage to freedom† at that point, he didn't generally anticipated it (Douglas, 39). A genuine saint ought to comprehend the feeling of opportunity, and it is conceivable just if there should arise an occurrence of being subjugated and afterward getting the valued opportunity. Furthermore, so as to accomplish this opportunity, it is critically essential to control own wants and assess the circumstances from alternate points of view, similar to ano ther legend of selfhood from A Man for All Seasons, Sir Thomas More. The primary motivation behind More was â€Å"do set myself up for, higher things† (Bolt, 22). To my brain, these legends are associated by one reason †to be prepared to do extraordinary things and help the others. Concerning helping others, this quality is additionally inborn Morrie Schwartz from Mitch Albom’s Tuesdays with Morrie. The instructor exhibits his mind boggling fortitude disregarding the way that he is as of now mindful of his demise, and this agonizing and baffling procedure reminds the saint about before long end. He thinks about his understudies, attempts to show them the best characteristics, so as to furnish them with an opportunity to improve their own lives and their demeanor to this world. Promoting Looking for exposition on relative writing? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More â€Å"Once you figure out how incredible, figu re out how to live† (Albom, 104). For this situation, the significance of the word passing on might be deciphered in various manners and contrasted with the thoughts of different saints viable: in the event that you were not subjugated, you were unable to acknowledge opportunity; on the off chance that you were unable to fathom own wants, you were unable to disclose them to the others; in the event that you didn't bite the dust, you were unable to appreciate this life and live. By and large, these three characters share one element practically speaking †they need to be prepared to make incredible strides so as to assist others with achieving achievement, and, simultaneously, not to disregard individual personal development in any event, being limited by unreasonable real factors of this world. Works Cited Albom, Mitch. Tuesdays with Morrie: An Old Man, a Young Man, and Life’s Greatest Lesson. Broadway, 2002. Jolt, Robert. A Man for All Seasons: A Play of Sir Thomas More. Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publishers, 1996. Douglas, Frederick. Account of the Life of Frederick Douglas, an American Slave. Joined Kingdom: Oxford University Press. This article on What Makes a Real Hero: Ideas by Bolt, Douglas, and Albom was composed and put together by client Quas1m0d0 to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for research and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Desertification In Sub Sahara Africa Environmental Sciences Essay

Desertification In Sub Sahara Africa Environmental Sciences Essay No ifs, ands or buts, Planet Earth is the perfect spot for humankind to stay in. Planet Earth is weakening because of the issues and issues cause by mankind and catastrophic events. Earth faces numerous issues day by day and the impacts are monstrous toward humankind. A few pieces of earth are more awful than others because of the unreliability of populace. Sub-Sahara Africa experiences numerous issues like soil disintegration, deforestation, and desertification however Sub-Sahara Africas principle issue is desertification. Numerous districts in Sub-Sahara Africa face huge impacts of desertification. In Sub-Sahara Africa the general public is changing because of desertification and the impacts it has on society and besides desertification is gradually developing and it is a fundamental issue in Africa because of the African tropical climate and the lack of regard of the people groups move in the direction of the land. Sub-Sahara Africa is one of the principle places where desertification is happening because of the abuse of land and unreliability of the populace. Utilizing land without predominant information and great understanding individuals cause the land to decays. There are numerous reasons for land desertification in Sub-Sahara Africa and a significant number of them are normal causes. One of the common causes that root the land to crumble is soil disintegration. Soil disintegration is the point at which the topsoil is expel or removed quicker than the framing of soil can happen (Welcome to the European Soil Portal). Soil disintegration happens all around the globe in every year. At the point when soil disintegration occurs, the great soils are washed away leaving just the awful, hard soil left for ranchers to cultivate, so without the slim soil layer, grain anything could develop in it. Soil disintegration will set aside a short effort to decimate phenomenal soils where great soils set asi de amazingly long effort to make. In Ethiopia around one million tons of top soil is lost each year where there are soil disintegrations (William Von Cotthern). The subsequent normal reason for land desertification is draft; and draft is one of the fundamental driver of desertification in Africa. Consistently there are drafts. The Sudano-Sahel area, for example, has encountered capricious and serious dry season, the latest of which kept going right around 20 years (Lilian Ahianga). Dry season could keep going an exceptionally significant time-frame and when it endures that long, the general public will be at serious risk. More than 25 nations in the mainland have confronted lack of nourishment longer than 10 years prior because of the durable of dry spell (Lilian Ahianga). Without downpour for an exceptionally extensive time, land could be difficult to cultivate and subsequently the land will be unusable for anything. Draft influences an enormous measure of dry terrains and with a f ew dry spells every year, dry land debasement increments. Variables like the development of human and creature populace could likewise cause desertification (Lilian Ahianga). Land desertifications not exclusively are they being brought about by cataclysmic events but on the other hand are being corrupts by humankind. The over utilizing of land is one of the numerous ways where mankind could cause land debasement. Ranchers and laborers and utilizing land again and again without allowing the land to land and develop back. Ranchers not permitting grass and land to develop back after animal munched on them. Creatures continue brushing on them until they turn earthy colored or red and are not, at this point ready to develop. Pilgrim researchers accuse the African ranchers and herders as the reason for the spread of desertification (Gregory Maddox). They overgrazed of land and torch backwoods for savannah. The subsequent issue is that there are an excessive number of individuals for one little spot. There are an excessive number of individuals living on one little spot where things are being utilized each day again and again, leaving the land no opportunity to develop. Trees and assets need more time to really develop back. When they are cut, and are recovering, creatures would come and eat them. The principle reason is that there are a greater number of individuals who chop down trees than the individuals who plant them. The populaces are chopping down trees quicker than trees can develop. Individuals didn't permit the slice trees to develop back rather they let the creatures brush on them. Around 30,000 kilometer square for each time of trees is chopped down (Aldo Bonincontro). Obliterating trees builds the development of desertification in Africa. Desertification in Africa causes numerous issues for the populace (Jorn Laxen). In Sub-Sahara Africa, desertification assumes a major job in the populaces neediness. Numerous individuals, not just in Africa, have been influenced by Desertification. Desertification effectsly affects the present reality, particularly in Africa itself. There are numerous impacts cause by desertification, for example, passings, sicknesses and poverties. A great many individuals bite the dust because of starvation. Starvation is the negative result of desertification of land which prompts passings. Other than individuals passing on consistently. Passing in Sub-Sahara Africa prompts the passings of an expected 3 million individuals in the mid-1980s (P.C Sinha). The effects of desertification could make passings endless individuals. Corrupted grounds are not, at this point ready to give crops, nourishment for creatures, and even kindling for consuming. Destitution is additionally a principle motivation behind why there is neediness in Africa. Million of individuals could have lacking o f nourishment in light of the declining of harvests yield. The outcome is that Sub-Sahara Africa is the main area on the planet where nourishment creation is deteriorating, and hunger is on the ascent (Jan Baert). Yearning and destitution is ascending because of the moderate and little creation of yields. Desertification makes cultivating delayed down and produce little measure of assets. Since there is little of harvests and assets, the economy at that point will raise the costs of things, for example, rice since they are rare. This will incredibly influence the lower class individuals (Lilian Ahranga). For each issue and issue, there are counteractions and arrangement. Desertification must be halted and governments and associations have been stepping in to assist. Numerous strategies had just been done to help land corruption; techniques, for example, reviewing of vegetation spread and controlling soil disintegration. The issue seems, by all accounts, to be an absence of information and presumably likewise the financial limitations that forestall the ideal use of these important assets (Jorn Laxen). One the most ideal approach to forestall desertification is basically training. The administration and association should give a type of training the populace, particularly ranchers. Showing them how to cultivate and to utilize the land appropriately in the correct manner where land won't be demolished; is one of the principle avoidance of land debasement. The subsequent method to forestall land debasement is to ensure the natural assets that are accessible to them. On the off chance th at they use it recklessly and demolished them totally, they will make some hard memories becoming back, furthermore it will set aside them a long effort to develop. Embrace maintainable land-utilize approaches and economical administration of water assets (P.C Sinha). Having the option to keep up the dirt ripeness appropriately is likewise useful. In 2005 the World Bank and NEPAD propelled the TerrAfrica by preparing alliances, information and fund-raising for Africa (Jan Baert). Alan Paton, the writer of Cry, the Beloved Country, utilized desertification as an impact to compose Cry, the Beloved Country. The creator decides to utilize desertification as one of the fundamental issue to why individuals moved from wide open to the city. In part one of Cry, the adored Country, Paton contrasted the great land and the corrupted land. Where you stand the grass is rich and tangled, you can't see the dirt. Be that as it may, the rich green slopes break down㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦ for they develop red and uncovered; they can't hold the downpour and fog, and the streams are dry in the kloofs.Too numerous steers feed upon the grass, and an excessive number of flames have consumed it (33). The book began discussing the issue of the land as an imagery that it will impacts on the characters in the book. All the youngsters and solid young ladies left the spot to go to the city to search for work in light of the fact that the land could give them nothing. The men are away, the youngs ters and the young ladies are away. The dirt can't keep them any progressively (34). Young men and young ladies left the spot due to the debased land. Also, as a result of the developments from wide open to the city, the city couldn't hold every one of them. That was one of the issues in the general public that time, there were a greater number of individuals in the city than the open country. The greater part of them need to live in the city. What's more, that is the reason there were such a significant number of dark excavators in the city. In part 30 the land is still in demolition. There were no downpours for the land and for cultivating. Paton expressed, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢ ¦the soil is wiped out nearly past healing㠢â‚ ¬Ã¢ ¦they can't furrow or plant, and there will be hunger in this valley (253). The corrupted land terribly impacts the general public. It appears as though it is difficult to recuperate to its standard structure. In the event that the land can not be recuperated, the general public too can not be mended. For whatever length of time that the land remains the manner in which they are currently, the general public can not proceed onward. Things will never remain equivalent to they are if hard works are putted in. In part 32 there was trust finally in the land and for the general public there, downpour at long last came. In any case, it was this for which all men were pausing, the downpour finally (277). Downpour at last came, and there was trust. Expectation must be there if the individuals really realiz e how to cultivate and deal with the land. Desertification occurs because of the regular causes like soil disintegration and draft, yet for the most part because of the reason by humankind. Desertification can be forestalled if instructions and learning are spread to the populace. Show the populace how to cultivate and how to deliberately utilize the assets is the initial step to forestalling land debasement. The general public will be in a superior shape and more beneficial conditions if the situations are spotless and all around taken minded of. Deal with the conditions and consequently the situations will deal with you. References: AfricaNews Africa: Desertification Threatens

Analysis Of Robert Walton, A Character In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley - 275 Words

Analysis Of Robert Walton, A Character In Frankenstein By Mary Shelley (Essay Sample) Content: Student’s Name Professor’s Name Subject DD MM YYYY Character Analysis of Robert Walton In â€Å"Frankenstein,† Robert Walton is first revealed in the letter that he directs to his sister concerning his curiosity. The neglection of Walton’s education turns him into a mad scientist proving the fact that knowledge may be dangerous in specific circumstances. Walton notes that his education was neglected despite his intense passion for learning as seen through his consistent reading. He states, â€Å"I often worked harder than the common sailors during the day and devoted my night to the study of mathematics" (Shelley 3). He invests much of his time in gaining knowledge which the society eventually fail to accept. Walton identifies himself separately from the rest of the men. Notably, he gets on a ship to a place where he does not know anyone. His self-opinionated view that he is superior makes him spend substantial time on his own, separate from the crew. In the fourth letter, Walton claims, â€Å"I said in one of my letters, my dear Margaret, that I should find no friend on the wide ocean† (Shelley 26). He suffers loneliness that he wishes someone else would be with him. In the pursuit of knowledge, Walton turns out dangerous. He intends to make a discovery that no other person has made their whole lives. He goes to hazardous destinations which leads to his suffering. Shelley notes, â€Å"Learn from me, if not by my precepts, at least by my example, how dangerous is the acquirement of knowledge...

Why Has Ipo Underpricing Changed over Time - 13588 Words

Why Has IPO Underpricing Changed Over Time? Tim Loughran and Jay Ritter* lu the l9SOs. the average first-day rcliirn on inilial public offerings (IPOs) was 7%, The average firsl-day return doubled to almost I5 i during 1990-1998. before jumping to 65% during Ihe internet bubble years of 1999-2000 and then reverting la / i % during 2001-2003. We attribute much of the higher underpricing during the bubble period to a changing issuer objective function. We argue that in the later periods there wav less focus on maximizing IPO proceeds due to an increased emphasis on research coverage. Furthermore, allocations of hot IPOs to the personal brokerage accounts oj issuing firm executives created an incentive to seek rather than avoid†¦show more content†¦(Money on the table is the change between the offer price and the first closing market price, multiplied by the number of shares sold.) The hypothesized reasons for the increased acquiescence are reduced chief executive officer (CEO) ownership, fewer IPOs containing secondar y shares, increased ownership fragmentation, and an increased frequeney and size of friends and family share allocations. These changes made issuing firm decision-makers less motivated to bargain for a higher offer price. The realignment of incentives hypothesis is similar to the changing risk composition hypothesis in that it is changes in the characteristics of ownership, rather than any nonstationarities in the pricing relations, that are associated with changes in average underpricing. It differs from the changing risk composition hypothesis, however, in that underpricing is not determined solely by the investor demand side of the market. In our empirical work, we find little support for the realignment of ineentives hypothesis as an explanation for substantial changes in underpricing. We find no relation between the inclusion of secondary shares in an IPO and underpricing. And although CEO fractional ownership was lower during the internet bubble period, the CEO dollar ownershi p (the market value of the CEO s holdings) was substantially higher, resulting in increased incentives to avoid underpricing. Furthermore, it is possible that changes inShow MoreRelatedThe First Life Cycle Theory1206 Words   |  5 Pagessuggested that take-over targets are easier for potential buyers to spot when they are public. Furthermore it is easier for potential buyers to pressure the targets for concessions on price than it is to pressure external investors. Thus in theory an IPO facilitates the acquisition of their company at a higher price than an outright sale. However, although the potential price may be higher with an IPO, IPOs are also often costly to perform with their fees, listing requirements and underpricing. Secondly asRead MoreChina s Stock Market And Its Abnormal Characteristics3750 Words   |  15 Pagesmarket has witnessed rapid growth from a global perspective over last decades, along with massive IPO activities emerged with a huge amount of fund raised. T he reasons why the Chinese initial public offering (IPO) market and its abnormal characteristics have drawn more interests from investors can be attributed to multiple aspects. First, one of the most significant puzzles of IPO – underpricing – is at an unimaginably high level in Chinese IPO market. Although the degree of underpricing varies enormouslyRead MoreThe Process of an Initial Public Offering (Ipo). the Underpricing Problem.3310 Words   |  14 Pages1. Introduction All companies need to raise capital at one time or another, first of all to start-up their business, and then to finance new projects and expand operations. 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Play in Early Childhood-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignment

Question: Analyse various Issues raised in Early Childhood and Examine their Impact on Children. Answer: Introduction Early childhood is a vital stage for all children that lay down the foundation for their growth in life; it is the stage between 0-8 years that is considered to be a significantly sensitive stage. Many studies have provided that the growth of active neural pathways in the brain happened during the early childhood stage and especially before the age of three. Therefore, it is considered essential that children are given various opportunities for emotional, social, intellectual and physical growth which provide them numerous educational, social and economic benefits. During this critical period of early childhood development, parents, teachers, and educators face various issues that can the adversely affect the development of a child, such as construction issues, technology problems, ethics, readiness and many others. This essay will focus on analysing various issues raised in early childhood and examine their impact on children. Further, the article will provide recommendations to ens ure these problems are not affecting childrens growth negatively Issues in Early Childhood Early childhood is a sensitive stage for children since most of their development, both mental and physical, happened in such phase. The parents, teachers, and educators face various challenges which negatively affect the development of a child. The children face issues regarding readiness and transition in early childhood. Readiness means preparing for future events; children readiness is defined as the transition into kindergarten (Schwartz, Tuchman, Hobbie Ginsberg, 2011). Various factors, such as parents, school administration, teachers, society and the local community, work together to provide a satisfactory school experience to children. In other words, it means preparing the children to succeed in school, socially, cognitively and emotionally; these factors differentiate the disadvantaged children with affluent peers. The transition from early childhood home to the new facility is a significant experience for both children and their families, and this procedure should be smoo th and completed within appropriate time. Effective school readiness program provides necessary information to the parents and healthcare professionals that assist in identifying whether the child has necessary skills and qualities to start a fruitful school experience. Readiness defines the ability which is essential for children to learn and succeed in school (Vogler, Crivello Woodhead, 2008). The quality of education assist children in succeeds or failed in life, therefore, it is a significantly important procedure. The importance of the transition to kindergarten has become a rising issue for federal and state governments due to its importance on childrens future. A national survey conducted on kindergarten teachers experience, found that more than half of children face difficulty in kindergarten. The transition is difficult for children because they lack the mental and physical skills or knowledge to learn new things smoothly, and their families and local communities failed to realise their problems (Peters, 2010). For inadequately prepared children it is considerably difficult to learn and understand schools environment, it also has a negative influence on their studies. These issues also happen due to the problem in the family since the parents failed to teach their kids necessary skills for smooth transitions; it is the primary responsibility of parents to prepare their child for a smooth transition (Mistry, Benner, Biesanz, Clark Howes, 2010). For example, before the transition, parents can prepare their child for school by establishing similar environment at home. They can buy uniforms, pack lunch and establish few rules to make children aware regarding schools environment. The parents can role-play with their children to teach them and make them familiar with school regulations, such as asking permission for using the bathroom, fixed time for a lunch break and teaching them discipline behaviour. Kagan Tarrant (2010) provided that a substantial percentage of children are deprived of necessary resources which are essential for their physical and mental development. More than one-fifth of the children lived in poverty, and around half of all children face one or more risks relating to the gap in school readiness. Due to this gap, there is a considerable shortfall in pro-social behaviour, academic achievement, and educational attainment, all of which resulted in higher unemployment and criminality rates. The children with better readiness have a smooth transition to the school which resulted in better academic education; on the other hand, children without the skills face difficulty in the future. The lack of readiness is disadvantageous for the children because they are not able to perform better than compared to their affluent peers in professional positions. Those children and their families face various difficulties which also negatively affect society (Dockett Perry, 2009 ). All professional jobs require a high level of academics which is difficult to attain without smooth transition and efficient readiness. The lack of readiness increases the rate of unemployment, crimes, and suicide, which negatively affect the development of society. The children face readiness and transition issues in the traditional education system, but they are surprisingly comfortable with modern technology. Young children love using and playing with modern technology, such as tablets, smartphones, music players, televisions, cameras, computers, and others (McKenney Voogt, 2010). The children use these technologies in their homes, classrooms, or child care centers. In case of schools, teachers have always been using technologies such as television, DVD or recorder to show documentaries, teach history or teach students how to use such gadgets. But, now teachers are using considerable powerful devices such as smartphones, tablets, or computers in their professional and personal lives. Modern technology assists teachers in performing various tasks, but they should avoid using them in schools and day care centres. Teachers should perform such activities which build physical and mental abilities of students rather than exposing them to gadgets. As per Sadao Robinson (2010), many studies have proved the negative impact of technology on childrens development that resulted in serious problems such as obesity, attitude problems, decreased academic performance, negative social life, eyesight problems, irregular sleep patterns and many others. Even with numerous of disadvantages, people keep using technology in schools, homes, and child care centers because they are powerful tools for teaching and learning. The time spent by children on technology is significantly crucial because it affects them positively or negatively. Nowadays children did not get any free time from the technology; they use it at home, school, and other places because it is easily accessible (Epstein et al., 2008). Now children use technology for various reasons such as watching movies, playing video games, listing to music, surf web, and many others. These activities take up a lot of the childrens time due to which they did not go outside to play, which stop their mental and physical development. According to Northcote (2011), spending too much time on gadgets negatively affects the development of social skills in children; they did not experience any face to face interactions which hinders their social development. The lack of social interaction ability influence their professional carer because most of the careers require a high level of social skills such as sales job, marketing, advocacy, health care and many others. The use of Internet-based services is increasing rapidly; the popularity of internet of things connects everyday gadgets to the internet which also made them easily accessible to children. The Internet is not a safe place for children because it contains profanity, sexual content and violent material that can be easily accessed; it has become difficult for parents to manage their childrens internet usage (Currie Eveline, 2011). The dependability of children on technology for learning and entertainment is a potential threat to the traditional method of educat ion and socialising. The parents and teachers are required to reduce and monitor the use of technology by children since it can adversely influence their development and professional opportunities. The ethics are significantly crucial while using the internet and it is also necessary to teach the principle of ethics to children in early childhood. A childs experience and learning in early years have a significant impact on his/her future opportunities. The code of ethics learned by children in early childhood allows them to take appropriate actions in conflicting situations that they face in their life (Mac Naughton, Rolfe Siraj-Blatchford, 2010). The ethics define right or wrong actions taken by peoples based on their personal morals and values during ethical dilemmas. The ethical dilemmas are the moral conflicts which require peoples to take appropriate actions in an unfavorable situation based on their personal and professional values. The teaching of ethical and moral values to children helps them become a good person who contributes to the development of society. As per Thomas (2012), the lack of ethics can adversely affect personal life of a child, and it is also dangerous for society. The lack of ethics increases the rate of crimes in the community because it is easier for unethical peoples to commit a crime. To reduce the rate of crimes, it is necessary that every person follows the principle of ethics. The lack of ethics affected the education of children because they are less likely to do the tasks given by the teachers. Lack of ethics also impacted the professional life of peoples since they are more likely to commit fraud in a company. According to Alderson Morrow (2011), the code of ethics provided by Early Childhood Australia shows the importance of teaching ethics to children at an early stage. A collaborative contribution of parents, teachers, early childhood professional, and society is necessary to teach children importance of ethics. Many times the parents failed to teach ethical values to their children which negatively affect s their readiness and transition. The parents have the responsibility to educate their children about ethics and its importance. Unfortunately, there comes a time when children lie to their parents or cheats in an exam, but it does not mean it is too late for them. The parents should do their job by establishing a system of values and daily enforce such values on the children (Brierley Larcher, 2010). There are two steps that parents can use to teach their child regarding the importance of ethics. Firstly they are required to be a focus on the values which are essential to be taught and secondly they are required to daily enforce such values by relating them with positive and negative consequences. Ethics cannot be taught overnight, and it is certainly not an easy process. Other than parents, teachers and early childhood professionals can also assist in teaching children the importance of ethics. The parents, teachers, and society are requiring adopting a suitable approach that teaches children role of ethics in per sonal and social development (Giovacco-Johnson, 2011). The teaching of ethics is an essential part of early childhood because it improves the future growth and professional life of children Conclusion To conclude, early childhood is a critical stage for children because it influences their future development and professional career. The children face various issues during the early childhood such as readiness and transition problem, technology issues and ethical dilemmas. The readiness defines preparation for future events to smooth the transition of children from home to kindergarten or school. The advancement of technology has increases issues such as profanity, lack of sleep, obesity, negative attitude, eyesight problems, disturbed social life and many others. The parents and teacher should reduce the time spent by children using technology and increase their social interactions which will assist children in their professional career. Ethics play a crucial role in the development of a person and society, and lack of ethical principles creates several problems such as increasing rate of crimes, social imbalance, and many others. The parents, teachers and local community should c ollaboratively remove these issues from the early childhood of children to improve their social and professional development. References Alderson, P., Morrow, V. (2011).The ethics of research with children and young people: A practical handbook. Sage Publications Ltd. Brierley, J., Larcher, V. (2010). Lest we forget research ethics in children: perhaps onerous, yet absolutely necessary. Currie, J., Eveline, J. (2011). E-technology and work/life balance for academics with young children.Higher Education,62(4), 533-550. Dockett, S., Perry, B. (2009). Readiness for school: a relational construct.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,34(1), 20. Epstein, L. H., Roemmich, J. N., Robinson, J. L., Paluch, R. A., Winiewicz, D. D., Fuerch, J. H., Robinson, T. N. (2008). A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children.Archives of pediatrics adolescent medicine,162(3), 239-245. Giovacco-Johnson, T. (2011). Applied ethics as a foundation in early childhood teacher education: Exploring the connections and possibilities.Early Childhood Education Journal,38(6), 449-456. Kagan, S. L., Tarrant, K. (2010).Transitions for Young Children: Creating Connections across Early Childhood Systems. Brookes Publishing Company. PO Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. Mac Naughton, G., Rolfe, S., Siraj-Blatchford, I. (2010).Doing early childhood research. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). McKenney, S., Voogt, J. (2010). Technology and young children: How 47 year olds perceive their own use of computers.Computers in Human Behavior,26(4), 656-664. Mistry, R. S., Benner, A. D., Biesanz, J. C., Clark, S. L., Howes, C. (2010). Family and social risk, and parental investments during the early childhood years as predictors of low-income children's school readiness outcomes.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,25(4), 432-449. Northcote, M. (2011). Teaching with Technology: Step Back and Hand over the Cameras! Using Digital Cameras to Facilitate Mathematics Learning with Young Children in K-2 Classrooms.Australian primary mathematics classroom,16(3), 29-32. Peters, S. (2010). Literature review: Transition from early childhood education to school.Report to the Ministry of Education, New Zealand. Sadao, K. C., Robinson, N. B. (2010).Assistive Technology for Young Children: Creating Inclusive Learning Environments. Brookes Publishing Company. PO Box 10624, Baltimore, MD 21285. Schwartz, L. A., Tuchman, L. K., Hobbie, W. L., Ginsberg, J. P. (2011). A social?ecological model of readiness for transition to adult?oriented care for adolescents and young adults with chronic health conditions.Child: care, health and development,37(6), 883-895. Thomas, L. (2012). New possibilities in thinking, speaking and doing: Early childhood teachers' professional identity constructions and ethics.Australasian Journal of Early Childhood,37(3), 87. Vogler, P., Crivello, G., Woodhead, M. (2008).Early Childhood Transitions Research: A Review of Concepts, Theory, and Practice. Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No. 48. Bernard van Leer Foundation. PO Box 82334, 2508 EH, The Hague, The Netherland

Opposing Genetically Modified Organisms Essays - Biology

Opposing Genetically Modified Organisms As a result of biotechnology and its wake of controversy that follows, a number or organizations have voiced their concerns toward the corporate driven discipline. As a product of biotechnologies carelessness, or motives, activist groups have risen throughout the world opposing the novelty of genetically modified organisms. The intent of biotech companies is to market and eventually sell these innovations, eventually increasing their profits and stock prices so new products can be funded while the shareholders line their pockets. Opposing organizations which see biotechnologies incentives as a danger to society and the many other life forms that exist on our planet interrupts such a process. Greenpeace is perhaps the biggest organization in opposition to genetically modified organisms. Greenpeace is an international environmental organization which fights to help protect and restore the environment. It is currently involved in a number of areas including; climate, toxics, nuclear, oceans, ocean dumping, forests and the somewhat novel area of genetic engineering. According to Greenpeace, genetically modified organisms must not be released in the environment, as the consequences for the environment and evolution are unpredictable and irreversible (Greenpeace, 2000). Once released, the new living organisms made by genetic engineering are able to interact with other forms of life, reproduce, transfer their characteristics and mutate in response to environmental influences. In most cases they can never be recalled or contained. Any mistakes or undesirable consequences could be passed on to all future generations of life. Greenpeace addresses facts like these on their website, adding that the introduction of foreign species is a major cause of ecological disruption and erosion of biodiversity. For example, in the United States alone, 42% of the species on the threatened or endangered species list are at risk primarily because of non-indigenous species costing the US economy an estimated $123 billion a year (Greenpeace, 2000). Other activist organizations take a similar stand. Another outspoken group opposing genetically modified organisms is the Sierra Club of Canada. The Sierra Club has been active in Canada since 1969, working on matters of public policy and environmental awareness. They also have local chapters and working groups in every region of the country. With their new, ?Welcome to the Safe Food / Sustainable Agriculture Campaign,? the Sierra Club is informing the public on the dangers of genetic engineering. They have started this campaign by distributing information packets and by making frequent visits to grocery stores notifying the public of engineered products which rest on the shelves. With their in-your-face type of opposition, groups such as the Campaign for Food Safety and Family Farm Defenders speak out against genetic engineering. With its growing concerns on plants and animals other organizations branch off and concentrate on specific areas, such as the Environmental Defence Fund and The American Humane Society (Boyens, 2000). These organizations strive to address biotechnology from different, but interrelated perspectives in terms of environmental, health and animal consideration. Organizations such as these rely on their

The eNotes Blog The Great American Teach-Off for2013!

The Great American Teach-Off for2013! Know a teacher who could use and deserves $10,000? Well, hurry, as it is almost last call for nominating an educator who shows innovation and dedication to their craft.   The $10,000 classroom grant will be awarded by GOOD Partnerships and the University of Phoenix. There will be twenty finalists selected from teachers of grades Kindergarten through Twelfth this  February 15, 2013 at noon PT.    Voting for the finalists begins March 4 and in a course of five weeks, the GOOD community will vote for their favorite teacher. At the end of the five weeks, the top voted K through 6 teacher and top voted 7 through 12 teacher will each receive a $10,000 classroom grant. What are the judge looking for? [T]eachers that are not only changing the lives of their students, but also their community. We want to hear all about the teachers that are integrating technology into the classroom, doing community outreach with their students, or pushing their students to learn and think in different ways so that they can graduate successfully and achieve beyond the classroom. For ideas and inspiration, you can watch videos of last years winners,  Terry Dougherty  and  Ã‚  Daryl Bilandzija.   Good luck to all the great candidates out there and dont forget: the deadline for applications is this Friday!

Homicide criminal law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Homicide criminal law - Essay Example e criminally liable if his conduct was the factual cause of Tom’s death and the consequence of death would not have happened â€Å"but for† Sanjay’s conduct. If we apply the â€Å"but for† test to the current situation, arguably Tom would not have been in hospital with severe internal injuries if had not been for Sanjay’s actions, therefore under the â€Å"but for test†, it is more than likely that Sanjay’s conduct will have satisfied the requirement of factual cause of death. However, it is also evident from the facts that Tom subsequently died of a blood transfusion at the hospital as a result of receiving the wrong blood type, which the doctors failed to notice. As a result, Tom died and this begs the question as to whether Sanjay was in fact the legal cause of death or whether the failure to give Tom the correct blood type in the transfusion was in fact the cause of death. Under the legal causation test, it is not necessary for Sanjay’s conduct to be the sole cause of death however it must be the substantial cause and have made a significant contribution to Tom’s death3. Ultimately, this is determined according to the facts of each case, however case law has established that the original wound must still be operating and a substantial cause at the time of death4. With regard to the current scenario, the doctors failed to administer the correct blood type in the transfusion and therefore one could argue that it was their failure was the substantial cause of Tom’s death. However, UK courts have been reluctant to break the chain of causation in cases where medical negligence is involved. A prime example is the case of Smith,5 where the victim was stabbed by Smith but died due to medical negligence. Despite there being a 75% chance of recovery but for these events occurring, the courts still held that the chain of causation was not broken. Although a different approach was used in the case of Jordan6 where negligent medical treatment was

Educational Inequality in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Educational Inequality in America - Essay Example Educational inequality has been a major priority of researchers in the US. Researchers have centered on the impact of poverty, or of social class, or of gender, or of ethnicity or race on young people's personal experience of education. In a related study on educational inequality, the theoretical concept for their study pinpointed the concept of social division as a lens in understanding the link between class and gender relations in shaping the educational achievements of students from ruling-class and working-class families. Thus, the social dynamics of class relations and gender relations is riddled with numerous tensions and contradiction. These can be seen as structuring processes rather than 'systems' in which social relations is organised and disorganised through time. The interaction of gender and class for a working class signifies a relationship between processes. (Connell et al., 1982:179-81). In addition, Connell et al.'s call for reform is one which does away with the stringent academic curriculum for one which works in the interests of the majority of the population rather than the 'ruling class' minority. The study's conclusion is that certain private schools are organic to the ruling class. It a;sp sjoes-and their distressing evidence which shows the extent to which state schools are a disruptive, disempowering force in the lives of the working class-the group call for a form of schooling organic to the working class. (Connell et al., 1982:179-81).Furthermore, Connell et al. emphasize the 'doing of history' perspective at the individual, group, institutional and structural levels. The basic concepts to their approach are practice consisting of the activities of people as they live their daily lives. The situation pertains to the home, school, and to the social and cultural characteristics of the social interaction. Each level of academic experience is viewed from dif ferent aspects of the same dynamic reality and each exists in a reciprocal relationship with the others. . (Connell et al., 1982:179-81). Children from simple family backgrounds The report by James Coleman was a response to Section 402 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which called for a survey to discuss the apparent lack of equal educational opportunities for persons by reason of race, color, religion, or national origin. Coleman's findings on the extent of the achievement gap between black and white students between and within regions, and between and within schools, highlighted the importance of families over schools for setting educational performance. (Coleman 4) Coleman sets this conclusion: "The sources of inequality of educational opportunity lie first in the home itself and the cultural influences surrounding the home. Second, they lie in the schools' ineffectiveness to free achievement from the impact of the home, and third, in the schools' cultural make-up which reinforces the social influences of the home and its immediate settings. (Coleman 10) Children from poor families deal with fewer resources in their schools Five areas are examined when building a causal argument for racial differences in academic achievement: student qualitiess and attitudes, family and home settings, peers, schools and faculty members, and neighborhood locations. Variables pertaining to students cover factors such as age and sex, attitudinal levels of the student's commitment to school, aspirations and

Distinctly Visual Essay Essay Example for Free

Distinctly Visual Essay Essay Explore the ways the distinctly visual is viewed through experience of others Distinctly visual images are viewed through experiences of others, which are significant in developing portraits of the environment and relationships. Henry Lawson’s ‘Loaded Dog’ and ‘Drovers Wife’, produce distinctly visual images through the experience of characters relationships with each other and their ability to survive in the harsh Australian environment. Similarly, John Steinbeck’s ‘Of Mice and Men’ looks at the environment, as a way to develop the relationship between characters and as a result creating a distinctly visual image for the audience In the prescribed text ‘Loaded Dog’, Lawson, develops visuals through the use of larrikin behavior in the Australian environment. The emptiness and often-hopeful feelings in the outback are shown through low modality ‘supposed to exist in the vicinity’, representing the hardships experienced in the Australian outback. Lawson creates vibrant visuals, enabling the reader to understand the vivid sounds in the outback. The use of onomatopoeia ‘the live fuse†¦ hissing and fluttering’, creates a distinct visual, and highlights the rich and exciting nature the Australian environment has to offer. Lawson signifies how experiences in the Australian outback, can create larrikin relationship between characters in the text. Tommy the dog, is seen as the troublemaker throughout the text and through the use of anthropomorphism ‘he took life, the world, his two legged mates, and his own instinct as a huge joke’, the reader is able to understand how relationships are developed through the experiences in the gold mining environment. Tommy’s ‘fun-loving nature’ is reflected upon his ‘two legged mates’, who develop humor in the text, in order to create distinctly visual images. Through repetition ‘Run Andy run!’ and vernacular ‘Don’t foller us’, the reader can develop a visual of the men running around in a panicked frenzy, allowing their experiences to create a vivid portrait. The jokey nature between the men allow the reader to develop a distinct visual of the men as ‘larrikins’, and their relationship as fun and friendly. The rhetorical question ‘how’s the fishing going Da-a-ve?’, enables Lawson to  highlight the fact the men create distinct relationships between each other, which led to a comedy of errors, allowing the reader to understand their experiences in the harsh Australian outback. Lawson has demonstrated distinctly visual images, through the detailed and realistic description of people and the environm ent, allowing the reader to depict images in the Australian outback. In the prescribed text ‘Drovers Wife’, Lawson demonstrates that experiences of the isolated and harsh environment creates a relationship with the surrounding Australian outback, create distinctly visual images for the reader. Images are created of her fighting a bush fire, presenting a further challenge for the drover’s wife to conquer in the harsh environment. Lawson demonstrates this through alliteration ‘grass grow’, creating a distinctly visual image, through the experience of the formidable Australian outback. Through colour imagery ‘ big black yellow eyed dog of all breeds’, the reader is able to understand the rough and tough, characteristics that enable the dog to survive in the outback. This colour imagery draws attention to the hard relationship between the dog and the family, and the experiences that enable the dog to protect the family. The Dog creates a distinctly visual image to the reader as Lawson highlights the tight bond between the family and the dog, and the effort they all make to protect each other. This is demonstrated through the simile ‘Tommy, who worked like a little hero’, creating a heroic characteristic that helps the family survive in the unforgiving environment. The relationship between the mother and the kids is shown through the vernacular ‘blast me if I do’, highlighting the empathy the son has for his mother and the distinctly visual bond that has developed. The cruel environment takes its toll on the drover’s wife and her experiences create distinctly visual images. Short syntax ‘she cried then’ demonstrates the relationship between her and the environment and how at times, it gets the better of her, creating a portrait of sorrow. The symbol of the ‘young lady’s journal’, stresses the Drover’s Wife and her ability to leave her womanhood in the past, in order to confront the formidable Australian outback, creating a visual that demonstrates her experiences formed from her relationships in the environment. Lawson creates a text that develops distinctly visual images, through experiences of the drover’s wife  surviving in the unkind environment. In the prescribed text ‘Of Mice and Men’, John Steinbeck creates a distinctive relationship with the characters and uses vivid images to create a backdrop to the environment. Through the clarity of the environment, the reader is able to understand that the environment, determines the moods and relationships of the characters. The simile ‘flies shot like rushing stars’ and assonance ‘the deep green of the Salinas River’, demonstrates where the ventures of the men will take place, and the descriptive language creates a distinctly visual image through the experience of the men. Steinbeck identifies the environment as a warm and peaceful setting through the visual imagery ‘the sycamore leaves whispered in a little night breeze’. These vivid images create a way to understand the natural beauty of the environment, which is significant in that the environment produces different experiences for the characters and therefore creating a distin ctly visual image. Steinbeck uses light and darkness to create symbolism. ‘The two men glanced up, for the rectangle door of sunshine was cut off. A girl was standing there’. The reader is able to visualize the light as hope and dreams, and Curley’s wife, symbolizing the cut off of these dreams. These experiences create distinctly visual images. The relationship between characters Lennie and George demonstrates that experiences of the men in the rugged environment shape the visual images. Zoomorphism ‘Lennie dabbled his paw in the water’ and characterization ‘the first man was small and quick dark of face with restless eyes’, shows the comparison between the men, and how their different characteristics enables a friendship between the men. One predominantly the leader, and the other the follower. The relationship of how the men interact with each other is demonstrated through vernacular ‘they said we was here when we wasn’t’, enables the reader to understand and visualize their experiences. In the related text ‘Loaded Dog’ and ‘Drovers Wife’, Henry Lawson highlights the importance of relationships in surviving in the harsh Australian bush. Through the relationships in the bush, the reader can understand how the characters experiences create distinctly visual images. Similarly in John Steinbeck’s ‘Of Mice and Men’, the environment determines the experiences  that the characters face, which further develops their relationship creating a distinctly visual image.

Buddhism :: essays research papers

Buddhism is a strict religion with restrictions that determines how a follower of the religion must live life. Buddhism is a large part of culture and society in south- eastern Asian countries. In the western hemisphere, there are simply not enough Buddhists to have a large impact on western society. A Buddhists ultimate goal is to reach their state of nirvana. To reach this state, their life is guided by firm presets. Buddhists believe that their lives they are living now were shaped in a previous life. Therefore Buddhists have to reach their own Karma. In order to reach their own karma, a Buddhist must follow the noble eightfold path. These are right views, right aims, right speech, right conduct, right living, self-control, right- mindedness and right meditation. This backbone to the religion is one of the reasons many people can’t follow it. One of the hardest principles for most Americans to follow would be self- control. The Buddhists meaning of self- control is meditation, yoga, deprive the body of sleep, have no contact with corrupted minds and control your diet. Considering that nearly 2/3 of all Americans are overweight, this would be a hard principle to follow. Another principle Americans would have following is, right conduct. Most people can’t be pure in behavior. This means no drinking or doing drugs, no looking at pornographic magazines etc. a lot of people in the united states will also have trouble telling the truth all the time. It’s hard to find a completely honest person now- a- days. The hardest principle for Americans to follow would be right meditation. Meditation requires willingness to suspend all thought, desires and attachments, and remain quiet. In meditation the material world that we live in is seen as a distraction that robs people of their

A MANAGER’S GUIDE TO GOVERNMENT IN THE MARKET PLACE Essay

A MANAGER’S GUIDE TO GOVERNMENT IN THE MARKET PLACE TABLE OF CONTENTS I.INTRODUCTION II.MARKET FAILURE A.MARKET POWER B.EXTERNALITIES C.PUBLIC GOODS D.INCOMPLETE INFORMATION III.RENT SEEKING IV.GOVERNMENT POLICY A.QUOTAS B.TARIFFS V.CONCLUSION I.INTRODUCTION According to Mr. Michael Bay, author of the Book, â€Å"Managerial Economics and Business Strategy†, they have treated the market as a place where firms and consumers come together to trade goods and services with no intervention from government. But as you are aware, rules and regulations that are passed and enforced by government enter into almost every decision firms and consumers make. As a manager, it is important to understand the regulations passed by government, why such regulations have been passed, and how they affect optimal managerial decisions. We will begin by examining four reasons why free markets may fail to provide the socially efficient quantities of goods: (1) market power, (2) externalities, (3) public goods, and (4) incomplete information. The book analysis includes an overview of government policies designed to alleviate these â€Å"market failures† and an explanation of how the policies affect managerial decisions. The power of politicians to  institute policies that affect the allocation of resources in markets provides those adversely affected with an incentive to engage in lobbying activities. The book will illustrate the underlying reasons for these types of rent-seeking activities. The book will examine how these activities can lead politicians to impose restrictions such as quotas and tariffs in markets affected by international trade. LEARNING OBJECTIVES †¢Identify four sources of market failure †¢Explain why market power reduces social welfare, and identify two types of government policies aimed at reducing deadweight loss. †¢Show why externalities can lead competitive markets to provide socially inefficient quantities of goods and services; explain how government policies, such as the Clean Air Act, can improve resource allocation. †¢Show why competitive markets fail to provide socially efficient levels of public goods; explain how the government can mitigate these inefficiencies. †¢Explain why incomplete information compromises the efficiency of markets, and identify five government policies aimed at mitigating these problems. †¢Explain why government attempts to solve market failures can lead to additional inefficiencies because of â€Å"rent-seeking† activities. †¢Show how government policies in international markets, such as quotas and tariffs, impact the prices and quantities of domestic goods and services. II.MARKET FAILURE Market failure is a concept within economic theory describing when the allocation of goods and services by a free market is not efficient. That is, there exists another conceivable outcome where a market participant may be made better-off without making someone else worse-off. Market failures can be viewed as scenarios where individuals’ pursuit of pure self-interest leads to results that are not efficient – that can be improved upon from the societal point-of-view. The existence of a market failure is often used as a justification for government intervention in a particular market. Economists, especially microeconomists, are often concerned with the causes of correction. Such analysis plays an important role in many types of public  policy decisions and studies. However, some types of government policy interventions, such as taxes, subsidies, bailouts, wage and price controls, and regulations, including attempts to correct market failure, may also lead to an inefficient allocation of resources, sometimes called government failure. HOW IT WORKS / EXAMPLE: Under free market conditions, prices are determined almost exclusively by the forces of supply and demand. Any shift in one of these results in a price change that signals a corresponding shift in the other. Then, the prices return to an equilibrium level. A market failure results when prices cannot achieve equilibrium because of market distortions (for example, minimum wage requirements or price limits on specific goods and services) that restrict economic output. In the other words, government regulations implemented to promote social wellbeing inevitably result in a degree of market failure. MARKET POWER Market power is the ability of a form to profitably raise the market price of a good or service over marginal cost. In perfectly competitive markets, market participants have no market power. A firm with total market power can raise prices without losing any customers to competitors. Market participants that have market power are therefore sometimes referred to as â€Å"price makers†, while those without are sometimes called â€Å"price takers†. Significant market power is when prices exceed marginal cost and long run average cost, so the firm makes economic profits. HOW IT WORKS / EXAMPLE: The macroeconomics concept of perfect competition assumes that no one producer can set a price for the whole market. Among companies that produce similar goods and services, all have varying levels of market power, but none are sufficient to effect a sustainable price change. In other words, all producers must compete based on a collective market price. A monopoly is the best example of a company with substantial market power. With little or no competition, a monopoly can, for example, raise market prices by reducing its level of output. ï  ®Market power is the ability of a firm to set P > MC. ï  ®Firms with market power produce socially inefficient output levels. ïÆ'ËœToo little output ïÆ'ËœPrice exceeds MC ïÆ'ËœDeadweight loss ïÆ'ËœDollar value of society’s welfare loss ANTITRUST POLICY An antitrust policy is designed to affect competition. The general goal behind such a policy is to keep markets open and competitive. These regulations are used by different governments around the world although the laws often vary. Broadly speaking, antitrust law seek to wrong competitor businesses from anti competitive practices. The goals of antitrust policy is to (1) To eliminate deadweight loss of monopoly and promote social welfare and (2) Make it illegal for managers to pursue strategies that foster monopoly power. PRICE REGULATIONS Government oversight or direct government control over the price charged in a market, especially by a firm with market control. Price regulation is most commonly used for public utilities characterized as natural monopolies. If allowed to maximize profit restrained, the price charged would exceed marginal cost and production would be inefficient. However, because such firms, as public utilities, produce output that is deemed essential or critical for the public, government steps in to regulate or control the price. The two most common methods of price regulation are marginal-cost pricing and average-cost pricing. Graphical presentation of Marginal-Cost Pricing: EXTERNALITIES An externalities is a cost or benefit which results from an activity or transaction and which results from an activity or transaction and which affects an otherwise uninvolved party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit. For example, manufacturing activities which cause air pollution impose health and clean-up costs on the whole society, while the neighbors  of an individual who chooses to fire-proof his home may benefit from a reduced risk of a fire spreading to their own house. If external cost exist, such pollution, the producer may choose to produce more of the product than would be produced if he were required to pay all associated environmental costs. If there are external benefits, such as in public safety, less of the good may be produced than would be the case if the producer were to receive payment for the external benefits to others. For the purpose of these statements, overall cost and benefit to society is defined as the sum of the imputed monetary value of benefits and costs to all parties involved. Thus, it is said that, for good with externalities, unregulated market prices do not reflect the full social costs or benefit of the transaction. Government regulations may induce the socially efficient level of output by forcing firms to internalize pollution costs. Example of this is the Clean Air Act of 1970. EXAMPLES OF EXTERNALITIES A negative externality is an action of a product on consumers that imposes a negative effect on a third party; it is â€Å"social cost†. ïÆ'ËœAir pollution – from burning fossil fuels causes damages to crops, (historic) buildings and public health. ïÆ'ËœAnthropogenic climate change – is attributed to greenhouse gas emissions from burning oil, gas and coal. ïÆ'ËœWater pollution – by industries that adds effluent which harms, animals and human. ïÆ'ËœNoise pollution – which may be is mentally and psychologically disruptive. ïÆ'ËœSystem risk – describe the risks to the overall economy arising from the risks which the banking system takes. Socially Efficient Equilibrium: Internal and External Costs PUBLIC GOODS In economics, a public good is a good that is both non-excludable and non-rivalrous in that individuals cannot be effectively excluded from use and where use by one individual does not reduce availability to others.[1] Examples of public goods include fresh air, knowledge, lighthouses, national defense, flood control systems and street lighting. Public goods that are available everywhere are sometimes referred to as global public goods. Many public goods may at times be subject to excessive use resulting in  negative externalities affecting all users; for example air pollution and traffic congestion. Public goods problems are often closely related to the â€Å"free-rider† problem, in which people not paying for the good may continue to access it, or the tragedy of the commons, where consumption of a shared resource by individuals acting in their individual and immediate self-interest diminishes or even destroys the original resource. Thus, the good may be under-produced, overused or degraded.[2] Public goods may also become subject to restrictions on access and may then be considered to be club goods or private goods; exclusion mechanisms include copyright, patents, congestion pricing, and pay television. Uncoordinated markets driven by self-interested parties may be unable to provide these goods. There is a good deal of debate and literature on how to measure the significance of public goods problems in an economy, and to identify the best remedies. Graphical presentation of Public Goods: ïÆ'ËœNonrival: A good which when consumed by one person does not preclude other people from also consuming the good. †¢Example: Radio signals, national defense ïÆ'ËœNonexclusionary: No one is excluded from consuming the good once it is provided. †¢Example: Clean air ïÆ'˜â€Å"Free Rider† Problem – Individuals have little incentive to buy a public good because of their nonrival & nonexclusionary nature. Public goods provide a very important example of market failure, in which market-like behavior of individual gain-seeking does not produce efficient results. The production of public goods results in positive externalities which are not remunerated. If private organizations don’t reap all the benefits of a public good which they have produced, their incentives to produce it voluntarily might be insufficient. Consumers can take advantage of public goods without contributing sufficiently to their creation. This is called the free rider problem, or occasionally, the â€Å"easy rider problem† (because consumers’ contributions will be small but non-zero). If too many consumers decide to ‘free-ride’, private costs exceed private benefits and the  incentive to provide the good or service through the market disappears. The market thus fails to provide a good or service for which there is a need. The free rider problem depends on a conception of the human being as homo economicus: purely rational and also purely selfish—extremely individualistic, considering only those benefits and costs that directly affect him or her. Public goods give such a person an incentive to be a free rider. For example, consider national defense, a standard example of a pure public good. Suppose homo economicus thinks about exerting some extra effort to defend the nation. The benefits to the individual of this effort would be very low, since the benefits would be distributed among all of the millions of other people in the country. There is also a very high possibility that he or she could get injured or killed during the course of his or her military service. INCOMPLETE INFORMATION For markets to function efficiently, participants must have reasonably good information about things such as prices, quality, available technologies, and the risks associated with working in certain jobs or consuming certain products. When participants in the market have incomplete information about such things, the result will be inefficiencies in input usage and in firms’ output. †¢Participants in a market that have incomplete information about prices, quality, technology, or risks may be inefficient. †¢The Government serves as a provider of information to combat the inefficiencies caused by incomplete and/or asymmetric information. Government Policies Designed to Mitigate Incomplete Information †¢OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) – the regulations are carried out by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). One of the more severe causes of market failure is asymmetric information, a situation where some market participants have better information than others †¢SEC (Security and Exchange Commission) †¢Certification – Another policy government uses to disseminate information and reduce asymmetric information is the certification of skills and/or authenticity. The purpose of certification is to centralize the cost of gathering information. †¢Truth in lending – Regulation Z and TLSA require that all creditors comply with the act. A creditor is defined as anyone who loans money subject to a finance charge, where the money is to be paid back in four or more installments. A creditor must also be the person to whom the original obligation is payable. TLSA has some exemptions regarding the types of loans covered, the most notable being business, agricultural, and commercial loans. †¢Truth in advertising – This advantage may give firms an incentive to make false claims about the merits of their products to capitalize on consumers’ lack of information. †¢Contract enforcement – Another way government solves the problems of asymmetric information is through contract enforcement. For example, suppose your boss â€Å"promised† you payment for labor services at the end of the month. After you have worked for a month, your boss refuses to pay you—in effect gaining a month’s worth of your labor for free. III.RENT SEEKING Rent seeking is an attempt to obtain economic rent by manipulating the social or political environment in which economic activities occur, rather than by creating new wealth. A simple definition of rent seeking is spending resources in order to gain by increasing one’s share of existing wealth, instead of trying to create wealth. †¢Government policies will generally benefit some parties at the expense of others. †¢Lobbyists spend large sums of money in an attempt to affect these policies. †¢This process is known as rent-seeking. An Example: Seeking Monopoly Rights †¢Firm’s monetary incentive to lobby for monopoly rights: A †¢Consumers’ monetary incentive to lobby against monopoly: A+B. †¢Firm’s incentive is smaller than consumers’ incentives. †¢But, consumers’ incentives are spread among many different individuals. †¢As a result, firms often succeed in their lobbying efforts. IV.GOVERNMENT POLICY Sometimes rent seeking manifests itself in the form of government involvement in international markets. Such policies usually take the form of tariffs or quotas that are designed to benefit specific firms and workers at the expense of others. In this section, we will examine how government tariff and quota policies affect managerial decisions. QUOTA ïÆ'ËœLimit on the number of units of a product that a foreign competitor can bring into the country. ïÆ'ËœReduces competition, thus resulting in higher prices, lower consumer surplus, and higher profits for domestic firms. TARIFF ïÆ'ËœLump sum tariff: a fixed fee paid by foreign firms to enter the domestic market. ïÆ'ËœExcise tariff: a per unit fee on each imported product. †¢Causes a shift in the MC curve by the amount of the tariff which in turn decreases the supply of all foreign firms. V.CONCLUSION ïÆ'ËœMarket power, externalities, public goods, and incomplete information create a potential role for government in the marketplace. ïÆ'ËœGovernment’s presence creates rent-seeking incentives, which may undermine its ability to improve matters.

Japans Untouchables The Burakumin

Burakumin is a polite term for the outcasts from the four-tiered Japanese feudal social system. Burakumin literally means simply people of the village. In this context, however, the village in question is the separate community of outcasts, who traditionally lived in a restricted neighborhood, a sort of ghetto. Thus, the entire modern phrase is hisabetsu burakumin - people of the discriminated (against) community.  Burakumin are not members of an ethnic or religious minority - they are a socioeconomic minority within the larger Japanese ethnic group. Outcast Groups A buraku (singular) would be a member of one of the specific outcast groups—the eta, or defiled ones/filthy commoners, who performed work that was considered impure in Buddhist or Shinto beliefs, and the hinin, or non-humans, including ex-convicts, beggars, prostitutes, street-sweepers, acrobats and other entertainers. Interestingly, an ordinary commoner could also fall into the eta category through certain unclean acts, such as committing incest or having sexual relations with an animal. Most eta, however, were born into that status. Their families performed tasks that were so distasteful that they were considered permanently sullied - tasks such as butchering animals, preparing the dead for burial, executing condemned criminals, or tanning hides. This Japanese definition is strikingly similar to that of the dalits or untouchables in the Hindu caste tradition of India, Pakistan, and Nepal. Hinin were often born into that status as well, although it could also arise from circumstances during their lives. For example, the daughter of a farming family might take work as a prostitute in hard times, thus moving from the second-highest caste to a position completely below the four castes in a single instant. Unlike eta, who were trapped in their caste, hinin could be adopted by a family from one of the commoner classes (farmers, artisans or merchants), and could thus join a higher status group. In other words, eta status was permanent, but hinin status was not necessarily. History of the Burakumin In the late 16th century, Toyotomi Hideyoshi implemented a rigid caste system in Japan. Subjects fell into one of the four hereditary castes - samurai, farmer, artisan, merchant - or became degraded people below the caste system. These degraded people were the first eta. The eta did not marry people from other status levels, and in some cases jealously guarded their privileges to perform certain types of work such as scavenging the carcasses of dead farm animals or begging in particular sections of a city. During the Tokugawa shogunate, although their social status was extremely lowly, some eta leaders became wealthy and influential thanks to their monopoly on distasteful jobs. After the Meiji Restoration of 1868, the new government headed by the Meiji Emperor decided to level the social hierarchy. It abolished the four-tiered social system, and beginning in 1871, registered both eta and hinin people as new commoners. Of course, in designating them as new commoners, the official records still distinguished the former outcasts from their neighbors; other kinds of commoners rioted to express their disgust at being grouped together with the outcasts. The outcasts were given the new, less derogatory name of burakumin. More than a century after burakumin status was officially abolished, the descendants of burakumin ancestors still face discrimination and sometimes even social ostracization. Even today, people who live in areas of Tokyo or Kyoto that were once the eta ghettos can have trouble finding a job or a marriage partner because of the association with defilement. Sources: Chikara Abe, Impurity and Death: A Japanese Perspective, Boca Raton: Universal Publishers, 2003.Miki Y. Ishikida, Living Together: Minority People and Disadvantaged Groups in Japan, Bloomington:iUniverse, 2005.